étendard

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چهار فصل

Les quatre saisons

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It is the power concept which serves as the basis for the Quran’s emphatic negation of all non-Allah based divinity, and similarly its equally emphatic affirmation that Allah is the sole God. Its rationale lies in the fact that in the heavens and the earth there is only One Being Who has absolute power and authority: creating belongs to Him, as do beneficence and command. Everything is bonded into His obedience since He is the Fount of all Power. None knows the secrets of creation and its management but Him. In fact, there is no -god- other than Him. That being the case, everything that a person pursues for a fictitious -god- whether it is of a supplicatory nature or by way of seeking protection, or out of fear and hope, or of an intercessory nature, or of admitting someone as the originator of a command and then following him, is altogether wrong. The entire Phalanx of relationships that one builds for a false -god- should have been for Allah only, for He alone has power and the means of governance. One can see this Quranic rationale in the following verses:

43:84

وَهُوَ الَّذِي فِي السَّمَاءِ إِلَٰهٌ وَفِي الْأَرْضِ إِلَٰهٌ ۚ وَهُوَ الْحَكِيمُ الْعَلِيمُ

It is He Who is God in heaven and God on earth: and He is full of wisdom and knowledge.

16:17-22

أَفَمَن يَخْلُقُ كَمَن لَّا يَخْلُقُ ۗ أَفَلَا تَذَكَّرُونَ

وَإِن تَعُدُّوا نِعْمَةَ اللَّهِ لَا تُحْصُوهَا ۗ إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَغَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌ

وَاللَّهُ يَعْلَمُ مَا تُسِرُّونَ وَمَا تُعْلِنُونَ

وَالَّذِينَ يَدْعُونَ مِن دُونِ اللَّهِ لَا يَخْلُقُونَ شَيْئًا وَهُمْ يُخْلَقُونَ

أَمْوَاتٌ غَيْرُ أَحْيَاءٍ ۖ وَمَا يَشْعُرُونَ أَيَّانَ يُبْعَثُونَ

إِلَٰهُكُمْ إِلَٰهٌ وَاحِدٌ ۚ فَالَّذِينَ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ بِالْآخِرَةِ قُلُوبُهُم مُّنكِرَةٌ وَهُم مُّسْتَكْبِرُونَ

Is then He Who creates like one that creates not? Will you not receive admonition? If you would count up the favours of Allah, never would you be able to number them; for Allah is Forgiving, Most Merciful. And Allah does know what you conceal, and what you reveal. Those whom they invoke besides Allah create nothing and are themselves created. (They are things) dead, lifeless: nor do they know when they will be raised up. Your God is one God: as to those who believe not in the Hereafter, their hearts refuse to know, and they are arrogant.

35:3

يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ اذْكُرُوا نِعْمَتَ اللَّهِ عَلَيْكُمْ ۚ هَلْ مِنْ خَالِقٍ غَيْرُ اللَّهِ يَرْزُقُكُم مِّنَ السَّمَاءِ وَالْأَرْضِ ۚ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَ ۖ فَأَنَّىٰ تُؤْفَكُونَ

People! Call to mind the grace of Allah unto you! Is there a Creator, other than Allah, to give you sustenance from heaven or earth? There is no god but He: how then are you deluded away from the Truth?

6:46

قُلْ أَرَأَيْتُمْ إِنْ أَخَذَ اللَّهُ سَمْعَكُمْ وَأَبْصَارَكُمْ وَخَتَمَ عَلَىٰ قُلُوبِكُم مَّنْ إِلَٰهٌ غَيْرُ اللَّهِ يَأْتِيكُم بِهِ ۗ انظُرْ كَيْفَ نُصَرِّفُ الْآيَاتِ ثُمَّ هُمْ يَصْدِفُونَ

Say: Do you think if Allah took away your hearing and your sight, and sealed up your hearts, who – a god other than Allah – could restore them to you? See how We explain the signs by various (symbols); yet they turn aside.

28:70-72

وَهُوَ اللَّهُ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَ ۖ لَهُ الْحَمْدُ فِي الْأُولَىٰ وَالْآخِرَةِ ۖ وَلَهُ الْحُكْمُ وَإِلَيْهِ تُرْجَعُونَ

قُلْ أَرَأَيْتُمْ إِن جَعَلَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْكُمُ اللَّيْلَ سَرْمَدًا إِلَىٰ يَوْمِ الْقِيَامَةِ مَنْ إِلَٰهٌ غَيْرُ اللَّهِ يَأْتِيكُم بِضِيَاءٍ ۖ أَفَلَا تَسْمَعُونَ

قُلْ أَرَأَيْتُمْ إِن جَعَلَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْكُمُ النَّهَارَ سَرْمَدًا إِلَىٰ يَوْمِ الْقِيَامَةِ مَنْ إِلَٰهٌ غَيْرُ اللَّهِ يَأْتِيكُم بِلَيْلٍ تَسْكُنُونَ فِيهِ ۖ أَفَلَا تُبْصِرُونَ

And He is Allah: there is no god but He. To Him be praise, at the first and at the last: for Him is the command, and to Him shall you (all) be brought back. Say: Think! If Allah were to make the night perpetual over you to the Day of Judgement, what god is there other than Allah, who can give you enlightenment? Will you not then listen? Say: Think! If Allah were to make the day perpetual over you to the Day of Judgement, what god is there other than Allah, who can give you a night in which you can rest? Will you not see?

34:22-23

قُلِ ادْعُوا الَّذِينَ زَعَمْتُم مِّن دُونِ اللَّهِ ۖ لَا يَمْلِكُونَ مِثْقَالَ ذَرَّةٍ فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَلَا فِي الْأَرْضِ وَمَا لَهُمْ فِيهِمَا مِن شِرْكٍ وَمَا لَهُ مِنْهُم مِّن ظَهِيرٍ

وَلَا تَنفَعُ الشَّفَاعَةُ عِندَهُ إِلَّا لِمَنْ أَذِنَ لَهُ ۚ حَتَّىٰ إِذَا فُزِّعَ عَن قُلُوبِهِمْ قَالُوا مَاذَا قَالَ رَبُّكُمْ ۖ قَالُوا الْحَقَّ ۖ وَهُوَ الْعَلِيُّ الْكَبِيرُ

Say: Call upon other (gods) whom you fancy besides Allah: they have no power – not the weight of an atom – in the heavens or on earth: no (sort of) part they have therein, nor is any of them a helper to Allah. No intercession can avail in His presence, except for those for whom He has granted permission. So far (is this the case) that, when terror is removed from their hearts (at the Day of Judgement, then) will they say, what is it that your Lord commanded? They will say: That which is true and just, and He is the Most High, Most Great.

39:5

خَلَقَ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ بِالْحَقِّ ۖ يُكَوِّرُ اللَّيْلَ عَلَى النَّهَارِ وَيُكَوِّرُ النَّهَارَ عَلَى اللَّيْلِ ۖ وَسَخَّرَ الشَّمْسَ وَالْقَمَرَ ۖ كُلٌّ يَجْرِي لِأَجَلٍ مُّسَمًّى ۗ أَلَا هُوَ الْعَزِيزُ الْغَفَّارُ

27:60-64

أَمَّنْ خَلَقَ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ وَأَنزَلَ لَكُم مِّنَ السَّمَاءِ مَاءً فَأَنبَتْنَا بِهِ حَدَائِقَ ذَاتَ بَهْجَةٍ مَّا كَانَ لَكُمْ أَن تُنبِتُوا شَجَرَهَا ۗ أَإِلَٰهٌ مَّعَ اللَّهِ ۚ بَلْ هُمْ قَوْمٌ يَعْدِلُونَ

أَمَّن جَعَلَ الْأَرْضَ قَرَارًا وَجَعَلَ خِلَالَهَا أَنْهَارًا وَجَعَلَ لَهَا رَوَاسِيَ وَجَعَلَ بَيْنَ الْبَحْرَيْنِ حَاجِزًا ۗ أَإِلَٰهٌ مَّعَ اللَّهِ ۚ بَلْ أَكْثَرُهُمْ لَا يَعْلَمُونَ

أَمَّن يُجِيبُ الْمُضْطَرَّ إِذَا دَعَاهُ وَيَكْشِفُ السُّوءَ وَيَجْعَلُكُمْ خُلَفَاءَ الْأَرْضِ ۗ أَإِلَٰهٌ مَّعَ اللَّهِ ۚ قَلِيلًا مَّا تَذَكَّرُونَ

أَمَّن يَهْدِيكُمْ فِي ظُلُمَاتِ الْبَرِّ وَالْبَحْرِ وَمَن يُرْسِلُ الرِّيَاحَ بُشْرًا بَيْنَ يَدَيْ رَحْمَتِهِ ۗ أَإِلَٰهٌ مَّعَ اللَّهِ ۚ تَعَالَى اللَّهُ عَمَّا يُشْرِكُونَ

أَمَّن يَبْدَأُ الْخَلْقَ ثُمَّ يُعِيدُهُ وَمَن يَرْزُقُكُم مِّنَ السَّمَاءِ وَالْأَرْضِ ۗ أَإِلَٰهٌ مَّعَ اللَّهِ ۚ قُلْ هَاتُوا بُرْهَانَكُمْ إِن كُنتُمْ صَادِقِينَ

Or, Who has created the heavens and the earth, and Who sends you down rain from the sky? We cause to grow well-planted orchards full of beauty and delight: it is not in your power to cause the growth of the trees in them. (Can there be another) god besides Allah? Nay, they are a people who swerve from justice. Or, Who has made the earth firm to live in; made rivers in its midst; set thereon mountains immovable, and made a separating bar between the two bodies of flowing water? (Can there be another) god besides Allah? Nay, most of them know not. Or, Who listens to the (soul) distressed when it calls on Him, and Who relieves its suffering, and makes you (mankind) inheritors of the earth? (Can there be another) god besides Allah? Little it is that you heed! Or, Who guides you through the depths of darkness on land and sea, and Who sends the winds as heralds of glad tidings, going before His mercy? (Can there be another) god besides Allah? – High is Allah above what they associate with Him! Or, Who originates creation, then repeats it, and Who gives you sustenance from heaven and earth? (Can there be another) god besides Allah? Say, bring forth your argument, if you are telling the truth!

25:2-3

الَّذِي لَهُ مُلْكُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَلَمْ يَتَّخِذْ وَلَدًا وَلَمْ يَكُن لَّهُ شَرِيكٌ فِي الْمُلْكِ وَخَلَقَ كُلَّ شَيْءٍ فَقَدَّرَهُ تَقْدِيرًا

وَاتَّخَذُوا مِن دُونِهِ آلِهَةً لَّا يَخْلُقُونَ شَيْئًا وَهُمْ يُخْلَقُونَ وَلَا يَمْلِكُونَ لِأَنفُسِهِمْ ضَرًّا وَلَا نَفْعًا وَلَا يَمْلِكُونَ مَوْتًا وَلَا حَيَاةً وَلَا نُشُورًا

He to Whom belongs the dominion of the heavens and the earth: no son has He begotten, nor has He a partner in His dominion: it is He Who created all things, and ordered them in due proportions. Yet they have taken, besides Him, gods that can create nothing but are themselves created; that have no control of hurt or good to themselves; nor can they control death nor life nor Resurrection.

6:101-102

بَدِيعُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ ۖ أَنَّىٰ يَكُونُ لَهُ وَلَدٌ وَلَمْ تَكُن لَّهُ صَاحِبَةٌ ۖ وَخَلَقَ كُلَّ شَيْءٍ ۖ وَهُوَ بِكُلِّ شَيْءٍ عَلِيمٌ

ذَٰلِكُمُ اللَّهُ رَبُّكُمْ ۖ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَ ۖ خَالِقُ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ فَاعْبُدُوهُ ۚ وَهُوَ عَلَىٰ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ وَكِيلٌ

To Him is due the primal origin of the heavens and the earth: how can He have a son when He has no consort? He created all things, and He has full knowledge of all things. That is Allah, your Lord! There is no god but He, the Creator of all things; then worship you Him, and He has power to dispose of all affairs.

2:165

وَمِنَ النَّاسِ مَن يَتَّخِذُ مِن دُونِ اللَّهِ أَندَادًا يُحِبُّونَهُمْ كَحُبِّ اللَّهِ ۖ وَالَّذِينَ آمَنُوا أَشَدُّ حُبًّا لِّلَّهِ ۗ وَلَوْ يَرَى الَّذِينَ ظَلَمُوا إِذْ يَرَوْنَ الْعَذَابَ أَنَّ الْقُوَّةَ لِلَّهِ جَمِيعًا وَأَنَّ اللَّهَ شَدِيدُ الْعَذَابِ

Yet there are men who take (for worship) others besides Allah, as equal (with Allah): they love them as they should love Allah. But those of faith are overflowing in their love for Allah. If only the unrighteous could see, behold, they would see the penalty: that to Allah belongs all power, and Allah will strongly enforce the penalty.

46:4-5

قُلْ أَرَأَيْتُم مَّا تَدْعُونَ مِن دُونِ اللَّهِ أَرُونِي مَاذَا خَلَقُوا مِنَ الْأَرْضِ أَمْ لَهُمْ شِرْكٌ فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ ۖ ائْتُونِي بِكِتَابٍ مِّن قَبْلِ هَٰذَا أَوْ أَثَارَةٍ مِّنْ عِلْمٍ إِن كُنتُمْ صَادِقِينَ

وَمَنْ أَضَلُّ مِمَّن يَدْعُو مِن دُونِ اللَّهِ مَن لَّا يَسْتَجِيبُ لَهُ إِلَىٰ يَوْمِ الْقِيَامَةِ وَهُمْ عَن دُعَائِهِمْ غَافِلُونَ

Say: Do you see what it is you invoke besides Allah? Show me what it is they have created on earth, or have they a part in the heavens? Bring me a Book (revealed) before this, or any remnant of knowledge (you may have), if you are telling the truth! And who is more astray than one who invokes besides Allah, such as will not answer him on the Day of Judgement, and who (in fact) are unconscious of their call (to them).

21:22-23

لَوْ كَانَ فِيهِمَا آلِهَةٌ إِلَّا اللَّهُ لَفَسَدَتَا ۚ فَسُبْحَانَ اللَّهِ رَبِّ الْعَرْشِ عَمَّا يَصِفُونَ

لَا يُسْأَلُ عَمَّا يَفْعَلُ وَهُمْ يُسْأَلُونَ

If there were, in the heavens and the earth, other gods besides Allah, there would have been confusion in both! But glory to Allah, the Lord of the Throne: (High is He) above what they attribute to Him! He cannot be questioned for His deeds, but they will be questioned (for theirs).

23:91

مَا اتَّخَذَ اللَّهُ مِن وَلَدٍ وَمَا كَانَ مَعَهُ مِنْ إِلَٰهٍ ۚ إِذًا لَّذَهَبَ كُلُّ إِلَٰهٍ بِمَا خَلَقَ وَلَعَلَا بَعْضُهُمْ عَلَىٰ بَعْضٍ ۚ سُبْحَانَ اللَّهِ عَمَّا يَصِفُونَ

No son did Allah beget, nor is there any god along with Him: (if there were many gods), behold, each god would have taken away what he had created, and some would have lorded it over others! Glory to Allah (He is free) from the (sort of) things they attribute to Him!

17:42-43

قُل لَّوْ كَانَ مَعَهُ آلِهَةٌ كَمَا يَقُولُونَ إِذًا لَّابْتَغَوْا إِلَىٰ ذِي الْعَرْشِ سَبِيلًا

سُبْحَانَهُ وَتَعَالَىٰ عَمَّا يَقُولُونَ عُلُوًّا كَبِيرًا

Say: If there had been (other) gods with Him – as they say – behold, they would certainly sought out a way to the Lord of the Throne! Glory to Him! He is high above all that they say! – Exalted and Great (beyond measure).

These verses centre on the notion that divinity, power, and domination are coterminous. By their essence and meaning they are the same. He who lacks transcendence cannot be -god- nor should he ever entertain its notion. Common sense and logic demand that divinity should belong to someone who wields control and dominance. For whatever humanity needs from a -god- or whatever the material and emotional compulsions that pushed humanity to search for a -god- can only be met by someone who has the dominative power to ENVISION. What this means is that any aspiration for divinity by a non-sovereign element or a search for its presence in pitilessly incomplete creatures is pathetically inconsequential.

Sooner or later, reality will demonstrate where the real divinity lays.

That being the core Quranic belief, its postulates and implications can be well understood in the following ways.

First, the ability to solve problems, to give protection against all odds, to grant beneficence, to provide security and support in distress, which in our naivety we think as normal run of the mill achievements, are in fact no small matters. These are linked with the system of creation and management of the universe. Reflect, for example, on how even the smallest of our needs are fulfilled, and then know that without the cumulative movement of innumerable causative elements in the Grand Universal Machine, their upbringing would not have been possible.

Allah knows how much effort goes into the sun, earth, winds and seas SYNCHRONISING to produce just an ordinary glass of water or a small grain of wheat. So to hear our prayers and respond to them requires the presence of someone uncommonly powerful, someone who has created the universe, pushed the planets into orbital motions, circulated the winds and made the rain fall; only He has the Genius to run every part of this immense Cosmology.

Through sheer logic, this Power must be indivisible.

For it is an impossible proposition for creative power to be vested in one individual while the task of feeding humanity rests with someone else. Likewise, what if the sun was owned by one person, and the earth by someone else? Furthermore, what if the power to procreate was exercised by one individual, and the power to heal by another, while matters of life and death were anchored in a third person. If this were the case, surely logic dictates that the system would grind to a halt. What this means, therefore, is that the central command’s indivisibility and its Power Nexus is an unassailable truth for it is cognate with efficient system management. At the same time, this UNITARY profile of divine power calls for our respect, not least because the universe is run by this Single Master.

When all powers are wielded by one Sovereign Master and none other, then divinity is also exclusive to Him. After all, Who else has the power to alleviate our discomfort, concede our prayers, give us protection, and dispense good or withhold harm from us other than Him? Thus, no matter what context in which we place our -god- none qualifies for this exalted spot but Him. In fact, no one could claim himself a -god- even in the sense of being influential with this Universal Sovereign – no one has the ability to make Him change His decisions or alter the way the planetary system runs.

To accept or not accept any plea we make falls within the ambit of His privilege and discretion.

Consistent with this UNIAXIAL motion of Sovereignty, all kinds of governance should rest with One Sovereign; not even a fraction belongs to anyone else. Since He is the Creator of everything He has fashioned, then those who owe their existence ot Him cannot make the absurd claim of parting His divinity. Likewise, when He is the sole dispenser of sustenance and support to all kinds of life, those who receive His beneficence cannot have a part in His attributes or in His prerogative and power to run existence.

All things considered then,

He alone should be the Sovereign and the Lawgiver.

Indeed, one can even go so far as to say that any claim to governance and lawmaking beyond His is equally absurd. Logic does not support such a claim.

Likewise, since creativity and sustenance, birth and death, control over the sun and the moon, the day-and-night cycle, decision making and determination, dominion and command and its explication are aspects of a Singular Power, people who abide by any decree issued by someone other than Allah are guilty of Polytheism.

Indeed, this is similar to the Polytheism committed by one who prays to any but Allah.

Furthermore, if someone arrogates to himself the Custodial Ownership of a nation, sovereignty, and governance, then this is similar to his claim to divinity in a metaphysical sense, i.e. of being a patron, a redeemer, and a protector. Hence why, in the Quranic lexicon of divinity, Allah is not only the sole possessor of the powers to create, cause decay and run the universe, He is also the only Lawgiver. For example, the Quran says -His is the command- and -His is the power- as well as -There is no partner with Him in power- which clearly means that in the sense of Divinity, sovereignty and dominion are equally entailed. For it is important for the unitarian concept of the -god- that none must be stringed with Him in His powers.

Expounding on this subject, the Quran says:

3:26

قُلِ اللَّهُمَّ مَالِكَ الْمُلْكِ تُؤْتِي الْمُلْكَ مَن تَشَاءُ وَتَنزِعُ الْمُلْكَ مِمَّن تَشَاءُ وَتُعِزُّ مَن تَشَاءُ وَتُذِلُّ مَن تَشَاءُ ۖ بِيَدِكَ الْخَيْرُ ۖ إِنَّكَ عَلَىٰ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ

Say: Allah! Lord of Power (and Rule), You give power to whom You please, and You remove power from who You please: You endue with honour whom You please, and You bring low who You please: in Your hands is all good. Verily, over all things You have power.

23:116

فَتَعَالَى اللَّهُ الْمَلِكُ الْحَقُّ ۖ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَ رَبُّ الْعَرْشِ الْكَرِيمِ

Therefore exalted be Allah, the King, the Reality: there is no god but He, the Lord of the Throne of Honour!

114:1-3

قُلْ أَعُوذُ بِرَبِّ النَّاسِ

مَلِكِ النَّاسِ

إِلَٰهِ النَّاسِ

Say: I seek refuge with the Lord and Cherisher of mankind, the King (or Ruler) of mankind, the God (or Judge) of mankind.

The Quranic verses go even further than this.

On the Day of Reckoning, it says, when everybody will be exposed, when secrets will be unraveled and when dissimulation will not work, Allah the Exalted will question humanity:

He will ask: Whose Sovereignty prevails today?

And the peoples of the world will unanimously respond: to Allah it belongs, whose dominion prevails over all false contenders.

The explanation of a Narration from the Prophet states:

Holding the earth and the heaven in His fist, Allah the Exalted would say:

I am the King!

I am the Mighty!

I am the Greatest!

Where are the ones who ascribed to themselves kingdoms on the earth?

Where are the tyrants?

Where are the grand?

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تحصیلات

Modèle, déviations et réponse islamique

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The Quran declares Allah’s and His Messenger’s say as supreme law that the believers can only comply with and not infringe. A Muslim is not free to make independent decisions where Allah and His Messenger have given their verdict.

Anything contrary to it is opposite to belief.

33:36

وَمَا كَانَ لِمُؤْمِنٍ وَلَا مُؤْمِنَةٍ إِذَا قَضَى اللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُ أَمْرًا أَن يَكُونَ لَهُمُ الْخِيَرَةُ مِنْ أَمْرِهِمْ ۗ وَمَن يَعْصِ اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ فَقَدْ ضَلَّ ضَلَالًا مُّبِينًا

It is not for a believer, man or woman, that when Allah and His Messenger have decided an affair they should exercise their choice. And whoever disobeys Allah and His Messenger has strayed to manifest error.

24:47-48

وَيَقُولُونَ آمَنَّا بِاللَّهِ وَبِالرَّسُولِ وَأَطَعْنَا ثُمَّ يَتَوَلَّىٰ فَرِيقٌ مِّنْهُم مِّن بَعْدِ ذَٰلِكَ ۚ وَمَا أُولَٰئِكَ بِالْمُؤْمِنِينَ

وَإِذَا دُعُوا إِلَى اللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ لِيَحْكُمَ بَيْنَهُمْ إِذَا فَرِيقٌ مِّنْهُم مُّعْرِضُونَ

They say, We believe in Allah and in the Messenger, and we obey, but thereafter a faction of them turns away (from obedience). These indeed are not believers. When they are called to Allah and His Messenger that he may judge (the disputes) among them, a faction of them turns away.

24:51

إِنَّمَا كَانَ قَوْلَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ إِذَا دُعُوا إِلَى اللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ لِيَحْكُمَ بَيْنَهُمْ أَن يَقُولُوا سَمِعْنَا وَأَطَعْنَا ۚ وَأُولَٰئِكَ هُمُ الْمُفْلِحُونَ

When those that believe are called to Allah and His Messenger in order that he (that is, the Messenger) may judge their disputes among them, nothing becomes them but to say: We hear and we obey. Such shall attain true success.