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الإصلاح
La Réforme
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A XIV. század hatvanas éveiben a Balkán-félsziget és Közép-Európa népeinek függetlenségét a törökök előrenyomulása fenyegette. Ennek a fegyverrel összetákolt, állandó háborúskodásra berendezkedett, élősdi jellegű, nagy kiterjedésű birodalomnak a támadása a délkelet-európai népek függetlenségének alapját veszélyeztette. Az ozmán hódítók kifosztották a meghódított országokat, elsorvasztották azok termelőerőit. A nem mohamedán lakosság iránti határtalan gyűlölettel eltelt szultáni tisztek és spáhi biztosok igyekeztek mindent kifacsarni a nekik adományozott birtokokból. A török hódítók előrenyomulása különösen nagy veszélyt jelentett azokra a népekre, amelyek a növekvő ozmán birodalom határai mentén éltek. „E népek legtöbbjét a török hódítás a feudális formáció fejlődésének utolsó szakasza kezdetén, vagy az erre való átmenet idejében érte: nemzettéválásuk bontakozó alapjait szétroncsolva, azok kiépítésének feltételeit súlyosan korlátozva, mindannyiuk számára meghosszabbította és sokkalta kínosabbá tette a következő, haladottabb formációig vezető, amúgy is hosszú és kínnal telt utat.
A török veszedelem a XIV. század hatvanas éveitől kezdve hosszú évszázadokon át útját állta a román és a magyar nép függetlenségének és társadalmi fejlődésének. A közös hódító elleni harcban népeink – és az uralkodó osztályok legjobbjai is, ellentéteik időnkénti háttérbe szorításával – egymásra találtak és sorra vívták csatáikat.
A reakciós magyar történetírás nem akarta meglátni a közös törökellenes harcokban kialakuló barátságot. Ellenkezőleg, e századok küzdelmeibe mindenáron a magyar „faj” felsőbbrendűségét akarták belemagyarázni. Ennek érdekében az „egyedül vagyunk”, „Magyarország a Nyugat védőbástyája” és más efféle hamis érveket hangoztattak.
A mindenkori uralkodó osztályok politikájának megfelelően, minden erővel tagadni igyekeztek a közös érdekeket, annak ellenére, hogy a törökellenes harcok a román és a magyar nép egymásrautaltságának számtalan tanúbizonyságát adták. Méltán ad hangot ennek az egymásrautaltságnak Liszti László „Magya Mars” című époszában:
Moldova egy felől, Havasal más felől Erdélyt foglallyák körül,
Mint erős bajnakságh e’ két oláh országh vadnak kó segítségül
Hogy bé rohanása, avagy pusztítása ne essék ellenségtül
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I am what i am;
i am I,
i = .
these would be the basic principles of identity
Sameness
which implies the equality or full accordance of a thing, being or phenomenon with another,
Distinction
which implies being different from others and same only with oneself (personal identity with documents and similar);
Equality
which implies the full accordance of both sides (mathematics and logics).
All three notional stratifications of identity fringe upon today’s topic, which is quite enlightening, intriguing and necessary to discuss, and in this case we would evaluate and synthesize along with all the causes and consequences of the expression -Kosovar identity-
The ethnical aspect
it is not compatible.
Kosovars are both Albanians and Serbs, two peoples and two nations with different historical, cultural and religious identities. Egyptians, Turks, Goranis, Romas, Ashkalis and others are Kosovars, too. Although there are many similar elements in the ethnic plan of people that live in Kosovo like hospitality, the word of honour, revenge, malice,
there are also many other distinctive elements in the ethnic and ethnographic plan that rule out the ethnic accordance to have one Kosovar identity, at least for the time being.
The lingual aspect
Language as the basic unit of the identification of a people does not meet the criteria of the Kosovar identity, the only connecting element between Albanians and Slav in the lingual aspect is Indo-Europeanism.
The historical aspect
Although the entities that make up Kosovo have lived close to each other for centuries, the oppositions still run high and at times they have degenerated into mutual tendencies to remove one another from the current territory of Kosovo. The ancient animosities between Albanians and Serbs still exist. The age-long disagreements between these two people decompose the Kosovar identity, drifting Serbs towards the Serb identity and Albanians toward the Albanian identity.
This is quite clear.
The historical past of wars has left these two peoples barricaded within their national fortresses.
The religious aspect
What are Kosovars and what is their religion –
The majority of the citizens of Kosovo are Muslims by religion. Serbs are Orthodox. The differences between them historically have had no negative effects, nor have the ethnic differences. We must acknowledge this fact.
The geographical aspect
What is Kosovo in the geographical aspect? The very denomination of Kosovo’s current territory is disputed. Kosovo has adopted a geographical denomination that includes only part of its area which is euphemistically called Kosovo; therefore this denomination is fought upon, and the two nations in the Balkans
Albanians
and
Serbs
have tendencies to appropriate it.
The political aspect
The prevailing political tendencies are even harsher.
It seems that Albanians have managed to forge a political expression called Kosovo in geographic terms.
Serbs constantly harbour the concept Kosovo and Metohija, certainly due to fear:
the fear of identifying these two geographical provinces with Albanianism,
while trying to violently preserve the Serbian character; in the political aspect, the identification of Albanians with Kosovo is based on the century-long efforts of Albanians to preserve its Albanian identity. All efforts of Kosovo Albanians for liberty and independence were characterised by Albanian attributes; in fact even Kosovar attributes were and still are
strongly connected to the Albanian character.
The state-building aspect
The aspiration of Kosovo Albanians for liberty and independence have historically had a very powerful foundation – the creation of a united Albanian state; through the new political circumstances in the world, the state-building conscience of the Kosovari Albanians was reduced to the founding of the Kosovari Republic, which is based on the century-long aspirations of Albanians for liberty, independence and unification.
The practical aspect
There is external political influence, and also pro-Yugoslav relapses that try to overthrow reality, giving Kosovo an alleged multiethnic or multicultural spectrum. The fact that other minorities live in Kosovo, including the largest minority, Serbs, cannot give Kosovo such an inexistent character, not because Serbs have invaded Kosovo, and whose movement has not affected much the ethnic map of Kosovo, but simply because Kosovo was unrightfully and brutally taken away from the Albanian Homeland.
This is THE converging point of historical, ethnical, lingual, geographical, religious, cultural, economic, traditional and practical aspects.
Kosovo is therefore an Albanian country.
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Sosirea în faţa Ierusalimului, în iunie 1099, la aproape trei ani distanţă de momentul plecării, marchează sfârşitul acestui excepţional pelerinaj.
Oraşul Sfânt este cucerit mai repede decât s-ar fi crezut.
Atacul, cu ajutorul maşinilor de asalt, este condus cu hotărâre.
Godefroy luptă în primele rânduri.
Dacă Raymond de Saint-Gilles cucereşte Turnul lui David, fortăreaţa oraşului, ducele în schimb, mânuind cu măiestrie arcul şi spada, reuşeşte spargerea definitivă a frontului.
Masacru, sânge, sudoare, groază şi răzbunare –
tabloul înfăţişat de istoricii epocii este înfiorător.
Tancred, un nepot al lui Bohémond, companion credincios al lui Godefroy, jefuieşte templul;
În vreme ce toată populaţia creştină împlinea un prăpăd groaznic printre sarazini, ducele Godefroy, abţinându-se de la orice masacru, şi-a lepădat cuirasa şi, îmbrăcând un veşmânt de lână, a ieşit desculţ din oraş; înconjurând întru-totul umil zidul de incintă, a intrat prin poarta din faţa Muntelui Măslinilor şi a mers la mormântul Domnului nostru Iisus Hristos, Mesia lui Dumnezeu Cel Viu, vărsând lacrimi, spunând rugăciuni, aducând cântări de laudă Domnului şi mulţumindu-I că-l socotise vrednic să vadă ceea ce cu atâta înflăcărare îşi dorise dintotdeauna.
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